Chapter+3+Eitzen+&+Baca+Zinn+Transnational+Migration

Post your notes here from Chapter 3 on Transnational Migration from the book, Eitzen, D. S. & Zinn Baca M. (Eds). (2012). Globalization: The transformation of social worlds. Wadsworth Learning.

Make sure you write a thesis or general statement that summarizes the main idea of the reading. Then, insert facts or statements to support that statement.

I**ntroduction (by editors):**

__**Reading 5: Why Migration Matters by Khalid Koser**__


 * Group 1 – Rocio L. Chavez, Juanita Flores, Stephanie Castellanos, Natalie Gillespie, Shantaya Ross**

In reading 5, we encountered various topics, one of which was transmigration and why migrate groups leave their homes, for a better life or because of climate change. Migration can be both voluntary and involuntary. Migration has been around for many of centuries. Historically, people were forced to migrate to other location due to colonialism, slavery, and trafficking. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries migration was prominent during this period due to forced transportation of slaves. Then between 1850 and the Great Depression of the 1930s another rise in migration had occurred as an industrial power. The next period of influx in migration was seen after World War II in Europe, Australia and North America, followed by the oil crises leading migrants back to the United States between the late 1970s to the 1990s. (Kosser, 2012) As an overview of migration history, one would see the large movement of people have always associated with global events like wars, revolutions, and rise and falls of empires; also conflicts, persecution, and dispossession.

However, recently there has been more independent female migration, in which they seek better employment opportunities. Some of these moves cause additional strain to their already stressed economies, which is referred to as brain drain. Interestingly enough, the migration of women is prevalent today than it was years ago, and it is not surprising because women’s roles have evolved in familial units as well as in professional settings. With that said one can only wonder if the burden on men has been lifted or have they just become more dependent on women? Nevertheless, it is inspiring to see women become more independent and progressing in society. That is because more jobs are available in fields typically staffed by women- services, health care, entertainment, and "maid trade". The rise of migration is still seen today due to the search of jobs, the current downturn in the economy, segmentation of labor markets, and "3D jobs". (Kosser, 2012)

Further, immigrants are associated with terrorism and higher crime rates in violence in their new locations; yet, citizens are dependent on migrant workers and are often exploited for their labor. According to Eitzen and Zinn there is about 900 million individuals who are considered "temporary" migrants. (Kosser, 2012) This number is estimated to double by the year 2020. There are several reasons why these migrants are only temporary: they are seeking knowledge, cheaper health care, travel pleasure and adventure. Firms such as Kodak, RCA,Google and many more popular corporate firms were founded and co-founded by migrants. About half of all scientist, engineers and Ph.D. holders in the United States are people that have migrated from all over the world. Immigrants also help the United States economy, it is stated that $60 billion dollars is the net contribution from international migrants (Kosser, 2012)

Lastly, climate change will affect future migration patterns, and some areas will be better able to support larger populations. It has been predicted that 200 million people will migrate due to climate change by 2025. This is an example of an involuntary move in order to survie. Climate changes can include global warming and the growing water shortages around the world. It remains to be seen how these migration patterns will affect overcrowding of major cities who are already struggling to support their current residents. Migration patterns have been a distinct area of study and have now become a global phenomenon in which the movement of people and the reasoning behind migration have evolved over time.

Resources: Koser, Khalid (2012). Why Migration Matters. D.S. Eitzen & M.B. Zinn (Eds.), // Globalization: The transformation of social worlds // (pp. 42-51). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

__**Reading 6: Globalization and the struggle for immigrant rights in the United States by William Robinson**__


 * Group 1 – Rocio L. Chavez, Juanita Flores, Stephanie Castellanos, Natalie Gillespie, Shantaya Ross**

Reading 6 focused on the recent upsurges currently taking place around the globe. Due to recent events, there has been an increase in racism and discrimination especially against immigrants. We are currently in an era of globalization and westernization.

Every country in Latin America has been “westernized” in that it has been incorporated into free trade and global capitalism. This process started in 1982 but really accelerated in 1994 when NAFTA trade agreements went into effect. Millions of people have been displaced and thousands of small businesses have been shut down due to the "Walmartization" of Mexico. They are the country's largest employer as well as the largest retailer. As people are losing their businesses, they are faced with unemployment, and poverty. They are then lead to migrate as a means of survival. They must move to regions where they can find work and food. The capitalistic society that has overtaken the world is leading to transnational labor. No doubt, the upsurge of this economic system victimizes local individuals, according to Robinson (2012), causing a world-wide transmigrating practice. To follow this point further, Robinson (2012) asserts that this system of victimization only progresses when migrants arrive at their destination for capitalist leaders depend on the economical labor-relationship they sustain with all workers, including citizens, the exploitation of workers known as “Walmartization”. Lastly, in acknowledging this process, an individual must recognize their role and the stance they are to take, for those decisions are what elites fear most (Robinson, 2012).

Borders are now being used as instruments by dominant groups to control developing countries. The aim is not to do away with immigrants but to keep them under restriction. There is also a mass movement to support immigrant rights. This has become more than just a civil rights issue but a human rights issue. The immigrants rights movement is the leading edge of popular struggle in the United States, because it challenges the tyrannical and exploitative class relations that are very core to global capitalism. this is the same political economy that is partrayed in Latin America popular, and democratic struggles (Robinson, 2012).

Robinson states the three current increases in immigration: Latino immigration to the United States, the aberrant mass movement of immigrant rights and the increase of racism, discrimination and repression. He states that this new transitional phase of immigration we entered into in the late 1970's and 80's began as a dramatic expansion worldwide. This new phase was the groundwork for many issues we currently have today. Robinson continues to state that capitalist globalization constitutes a war of global rich against global poor and that this system needs immigrant workers; it can't function without it. This problem does not only affect the poor, but the working as well. (Robinson, 2012)

Resources: Robinson, William (2012). Globalization and the struggle for immigrant rights in the united states. D.S. Eitzen & M. B. Zinn (Eds.), // Globalization: The transformation of social worlds // (pp. 52-58). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Q**uestions from Readings 5: Why Migration Matters by Khalid Koser & Reading 6: Globalization and the Struggle for Immigrant Rights in the United States by William Robinson - By Group 1**


 * QUESTIONS:**
 * 1) How can the U.S. economy stabilize itself without the immigrant labor force and how are the changing immigration laws prohibiting new immigrants?
 * 2) What are some of the factors contributing to the current migration patterns?
 * 3) How has the Wal-Mart ideology affected developing countries such as Mexico?
 * 4) What are 3 “d” jobs and why are they significant?
 * 5) What is the larger context and backdrop of anti- immigration politics and immigrant struggle?


 * Reading 7: Bound for America by John Bowe**

Foreign workers are being recruited to the United States With no guarantee of a stable job or pay even though they were promised decent wages. This reading also mentions that some workers were given contracts and some paid recruiting fees putting them in more debt. Towards thr end the workers come to realize they can be sent home or deported at any time. Some fear theu will be left homeless if they were to be sent back home.

Foreign workers are brought to the US as pretty much an indentured servant, have to pay a fee to work here and then pay off that fee and hope they make something to send back home. They're treated horribly by the companies and given close to no rights. They threaten the workers with violence, deportation, and debt. Many have escaped and now live in fear, hopefully some laws come into effect to help these people get home safely and debt free.

Thai workers are treated terribly by American companies; particularly by Global Horizons. They incur large debts through “Recruitment fees”

Why work for Global Horizons; why agree to pay a “Recruitment Fee”?

Questions: Why are there not already stronger laws in favor of these foreign workers? It seems that this should've been addressed when businesses got the O.K. to bring foreign workers over. How is the "recruitment fee" decided? How is this not exploited enough in the home countries of these people for more workers to still come? Approximately about how many foreign workers are being brought to the U.S under the same lies?


 * Reading 8 Mexico's Ghost Towns by John Gibler**

This reading talks about mexicos skilled workers and/or their immigrants are coming to the United States legally and illegally to pursue a better life for themselves and their families. They come here to work, however it is for cheaper labor. This whole situation is kind of like a round circle process. Meaning although they may be working for cheaper labor, but they are also purchasing U.S. Goods.

Mexico is losing its labor force; its people to America. Its border towns are deserted. Mexico wants/needs to stop exporting their labor so they can start to produce.

How does Mexico’s Ghost towns affect me and why do I/should I care? Is it a bad thing?

Why if the U.S benefits from this situation why do they want to stop immigration?


 * Reading 9 Climate Change on the Move by Michael Werz and Kari Manlove****

Fast forwarding to 2050 the increase in population will effect all around the world. This growth will take place in developing countries. The places used in the reading were from Northern Africa and the Mediterranean to China. Some consequences because of this may be that global warming may intensify hurricanes and droughts and adds to resource shortages and much more depending on the location.

The Earth is going to get very crowded and hot by 2050. Climate Migration will adversely affect the boarders and national seurity of many nations.

What can we do to prepare for Climate Migrations? Should the US turn these migrants away; why or why not?

Are the continents that are going to be affected by this climate change going to get prepared for this change, if so how?